늦게 시작하는 영어

(Phonics에서 Phonetics까지)

목    차

1.

영어의 자음과 모음

2. 발음부호 읽기

3.

단어 읽기 연습 (발음부호를 없애 버리자!!! )

연음 (이어서 말하기)

음절수대로 단어 읽기

3. 3단계 파닉스 추가하기

1. 영어의 자음과 모음

목차로

영어의 자모는 다음과 같다. (모음은 굵은 글자)

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

1. 모음 : a [ a,      æ,     ei,       i,    ə,     ɔ,

아,      애,     에이,     이,   어,    오]

father,   bag,    game

e [ e,      i,

에,      이]

bed

i [ i,       ai,         ə,        ı,

이,       아이,      어,   이]

sister,    time (단어 끝의 e는 발음하지 않는다.)

o [ o,      ou,        u,   ʌ,   a,   ɔ,

오,      오우,       우,  어,  아,  오]

song,    go,

u [ u,      ju,       i,   ʌ,

우,       유,        이,  어]

super,    humour

y [ ai,       i      단어 중간이나 끝에서는 모음

아이,     이 ]

[ai] by,  tyre,  style,  fly,   reply,   apply,   dynasty

바이, 타이어, 스타열, 플라이, 뤼플라이, 어플라이, 다이너스티

[i]  easy, study, boy, toy, baby, navy  tiny,  synergy(공동상승작용),

네이비, 타이니, 시너지

2. 반모음 : w [ w, 우+, 오+]  won  [wʌn원],   what [hwat 홧]

y [  j, 이+]   단어 첫 자에 오는 경우로 모음 앞에 y는

뒤의 모음과 함께 복모음을 이룬다.

yes, young, you, yell, yield,

옐  이일드

3. 자음

(a) 모음 b [b]ㅂ c [s]ㅅ,ㅆ, [k]ㅋ d [d]ㄷ (e) 모음 f [f]ㅍ g [g]ㄱ, [ʒ]ㅈ	h [h] ㅎ (i) 모음 j [ʤ] ㅈ k [k] ㅋ l [l] ㄹ m [m] ㅁ n [n] ㄴ	(o) 모음 p [p]ㅍ q [k] ㅋ r [r] ㄹ s [s] ㅅ t [t] ㅌ (u) 모음	v [v] ㅂ (w)[w] 반모음 x [ks, gz, z] (y) [j 반모음] [i, ai 모음] z [z] ㅈ

ch  [ ʧ, k, ʃ  치, 크, 시]  teach, Christmas, chef [ʃef] 요리사, 셰프

ck  [ k 크 ]        back, sick

dg  [ ʤ 지 ]       bridge  브릿지

g   [ g그 / ʤ 지] (e, i, y 앞에서 ʤ 지) green / gem, giant, gypsy

젬,  자이언트, 집시

gh  [ f ]           tough, laugh, rough,  cough 터프,  뢔프, 뤄프, 커프

n   [ g, k, c, q, x앞에서 [ Ŋ ]로 발음, ‘ㅇ’ ink, English

ng  [ Ŋ, ㅇ ]      hang, king

ph  [ p / f ㅍ ]    shepherd 셰퍼드/ telephone, photo, 텔러포운, 포로우

qu  [ kw, 쿠, 코]   queen, quiet

r   [ r, ɚ ㄹ, 어]  모음 앞에서는 ‘ㄹ’, red ;

모음 뒤에서 ‘어’ air,  sir,  teacher,  beer

s, sh [ ʃ 시 ]    mission 미션,  mansion 맨젼,  sheep 싀입, brush 브뤄싀,

tch  [ ʧ 치]     catch, match  캩츼, 맽츼

th   [ θ ㅼ, 어두와 어미에서 ] think, breath   띵크, 브뤠쓰

th   [ ð ㄷ, 모음사이에서, 단어중간에서 ] father   퐈아덜

w  (모음 앞에서 반모음으로)=[w]: way, won, win

wh  [ hw 호, 후]   what, which, when

x   [ z, ks, gz ㅈ, ㄳ, ㄱㅈ ]  xerox [ziərɔks] 제록스

taxi,  spinx,  exam [igzæm]시험

스핑스   익잼

y   (모음의 앞에서 반모음으로)= [j 이+] : yes, you, young,

z   [z]             zero, zoo   지로우,  주우

4. 그외 모음, 장모음, 이중모음

장모음
ah [ɑ: 아] bah au [ɔ: 오] caught aw [ɔ: 오] saw	e [i: 이-] ev\e, we ee [i: 이-] seen, cheese ea [i: 이-] tea, sea, easy ie [i: 이-] field, studied piece	oo [u 우] book, wood oo [u: 우-] too, moon u [ju: 유] use eu [ju: 유] Europe, euphony ew [ju: 유] few, stew

이중모음
a [ei 에이] bas\e, sam\e ai [ ei 에이] fail ay [ei 에이] say, hail, 헤열	i [ai 아이] fin\e, tim\e, din\e y [ai 아이] cry, try
o [ou 오우] ston\e oa [ ou 오우] coat	ou, ow [ au 아우] sound, cow, mouse oi, oy [ ɔi 오이] boil, boy, oyster, join, noisy

5. 모음 + r =꼬부랑말

ar [ a:r 아~]    barn,   car

er [ ə:r 어～]   teacher,  her

ir [ə:r 어～]     thirty,  sir,  bird

or [ɔ:r 오어]    torch,  for,  north

ur [ə:r 어～]    turtle   터를

6.  모음 하나 +re  = 이중모음 +r  (=모음하나 +꼬부랑말)

모음 둘 +r

are,  air  [ɛər 에어]        care,   fair

-ere, -eer, -ear, -ier [iər 이어] here, beer, hear, pier

ire      [aiər  아이어]     fire

-ore      [ɔ:r 오어]         store

-ure      [juər 유어]        sure, cure

-awer     [ɔ:ər 오어]        drawer

-oor      [uər 우어]         poor

-our      [auər 아우어]      sour

-oyer     [ɔiər 오이어]      employer

7. 강세없는 음절의 모음+r = [ ər 어]

ar, er, or, ur  [ər 어, 아]

beggar, dollar,  better,   actor,  tutor, color, murmur

베거,   달러,     베러,     액터,    튜터,   컬러,  머머얼

8. 영어에서 단어 끝의 ‘e'의 음가 = 묵음이 원칙, 대신 앞 모음을  이중모음     으로 만드는 역할을 함.

1) e는 앞의 모음을 길게 (장음)

chánce [ʧæns, ʧa:ns ],

2) e앞의 a, i, o를  이중모음 [ei, ai, ou]로 발음되게 함.

change,  same,  game, bathe   -------------- [ei] 쳬인지, 쎄임, 게임, 베이드

time,  fine,   pine,   style     ------------- [ai]  타임, 퐈인, 파인, 스따열

tone,  bone,  lone,  home,  Rome --------- [ou]  토운, 보운, 로운, 호움, 우로움

3) e앞의 c, g, th를 [ sㅅ, ʤ지, ðㄷ ] 로 발음  center,  age,  breathe

쎈터,   에이지, 브뤼이드

참고: [ kㅋ, gㄱ, θㅼ ]  cucumber,  gum,  thank you

큐컴버,      껌,      땡큐

9. '-es'의 발음

잇소리(치찰음)인 [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ]다음의 ‘es'는 [iz]로 발음한다.

classes,  houses,  brushes,  benches,  bridges

클래씨즈, 하우지즈, 브뤄씨즈,  벤츼즈,    브륏지즈

10. 유성음, 무성음

유성음: b, d, g, m, n, r, z, v,  ð, ʒ, ʤ, ʣ, w, j 그리고 모든 모음.

무성음: p, t, k,        s, f,  θ, ʃ, ʧ,  ʦ

11. 자음이 둘 겹칠 때 =음가는 하나

-nn  [ n ]   dinner,   beginning,   cunning   디너, 비기닝, 커닝

-ll   [ l ]   doll,   small,   tall     다알, 스모올, 토올

-rr   [ r ]   carrot, parrot, sparrow, horror,   terror

캐롯    빼롯    스빼로우   하러      테러

-mm [ m]   summer    써머

-tt   [ t ]   little,   bottle   리를, 바를

-ff   [ f ]   traffic,   sufficient   추뢔픽,  써피션ㅌ

-gg  [ g ]   aggressive  어그뤠씨브

-pp  [ p ]   appoint     어포인ㅌ

-ss   [ s ]   grass,  boss,  Mis․sis․sip․pi  그뤠스, 보쓰, 미시시피

12. 단어 중간의 l 하나, 단어 끝의 l 두 개 (ll)

l [ㄹㄹ]  English,  glass    잉글리싀, 글래쓰

ll [ㄹ]   doll,  call

13. 연음 1.

두 단어에 같은 자음이 이어질 때 : 앞단어의 끝 자음을 발음하지 않는다.

t  t    [ t ]     wen\t  to,    [웬투]     wan\t to  [원투]

th  th  [ ð ]    wi\th the      [위더]

d  th   [ ð ]    an\d the      [앤더]

s  s    [ s ]    hi\s sister     [히 씨스터]

p  p   [ p ]    cam\p place   [캠 플레이스]

p  b   [ b ]    cu\pboard     [커보어드]

14. 단어끝의 t, d, k는 파열되지 않음 (거의 소리 안남)

Gran\d Park [그랜 팍],       studen\t [스튜든]

15. ‘-ed'의 발음 = 무성음 뒤에서 [ t 트 ]로----- laughed [-ft] 랲트

유성음 뒤에서 [ d 드]로-----learned 러언드

t 뒤에서 [ id 이드]로 남------- wanted,  started

원티드,   스따알티드

16. 묵음 : 소리가 나지 않는 자음들

b ………  climb,   tomb,  dumb,   bomb   cf, bombard

클라임,    툼-,     덤-,       밤-,        밤바알드

gh ……  light, tight, fight, taught, caught

라잇  타잇,  퐈잇,  토오트, 코오트

h  …… hour, honest   아우월,    아니스트

k  …… knife, knight,   kneel   나이프,  나이트,  니일

l  …… walk, talk, folk, half, palm, psalm,  should

워크, 토크, 포크,  해프, 파암,   사암,    슈웃

p …… psychology, pneumonia, corps, coup, psalm, receipt, empty

싸이칼러지,     뉴모니아,  코(즈),  쿠,   사암,  뤼씨잇트,  엠티

n …… hymn 힘,   cf, hymnal  힘널

s …… island, isle   아일런(드), 아일

17.  'a'와 'o'의 미국식, 영국식 발음

미국식	영국식
fast [fæst] 퐤쓰트 God [gad] 갇 not [nat] 낱 got [gat] 같	fast [fa:st] 퐈아쓰트 God [gɔd] 곧 not[nɔt] 놑 got [gɔt] 곹

18. 'g', 'c'의 발음

g=e, i, y 앞에서 [ʤ]ㅈ	그외 모음 a, o, u 앞에서 [g] ㄱ
gem [ʤem], 젬 *gift, 깊트 gingili [ʤinʤəli], 진절리 gymnast 짐내스트 *gynecology 가이너칼러지	game, against, 게임, 어겐스트 go, 고우 guard 가얼드
c=e, i, y 앞에서 [s]ㅅ	그외 모음 a, o, u 앞에서 [k] ㅋ
center, ice, city, icy, cycle 싸이클	cancer, 캔써 come, cut,

19. 'c'의 발음 2

자음 앞에서 [k]-------  class,   clip,   crown

20. 'ch'의 발음 = [ʧ], [k], [ʃ]

[ʧ 츼] 모음 뒤에서----------- teach,   coach  티이츼, 코우츼

[k 크] 흔히 자음 앞에서--- chemist,  Christ,  chronology,  anarchy,  monarch

케미스트  크롸이스트, 크뤄날러지   애나어키,   마너어크

[ʃ 싀] --------  machine, chamois, mustache,  머싄,  쇄므와,  머스태싀

chef[ 쉐프, 불어] 요리사,     chauffeur  [ 쇼우퍼, 불어](자가용)운전수

21. 음절 (글자) : 각 음절 수 대로 호흡을 내 쉬면서 발음한다.

우리말의 ‘학교’는 두 글자이므로 2음절이다.

하지만 영어로  school은 1음절이므로 한 글자처럼 발음해야 한다.

‘아버지’는 3음절이지만  fa․ther는 2음절이므로 두 글자처럼 발음한다.

‘밝다’는 2음절로 영어식으로 표기하면  ‘ㅂㅏㄹㄱㄷㅏ’와 같이 된다.

글자는 대개 자음과 모음이 합쳐져서 이루지만 자음만으로는 글자를

이루지 못한다. 하지만 모음은 혼자서도 글자를 만든다.

아       가         강          ㄱ    ⇒ 즉, 모음이 글자를 이룸

ㅇ

모음1    자+모     자+모+자    자+자(=음절x)

cor․rec․ted,   자+모+자․자+모+자 ․자+모+자 =(3음절)

birth․day     자+모+자․자+모  =(2음절)

eve․ning,    par․ty,    Nan․cy

gav\e,   cam\e,   hom\e,   friends,   Paul

각자 영어 교재를 보고 음절 나누기 연습을 해 보자.

22. 음절과 강세

영어의 모든 1음절에는 강세가 있다.  단 표시는 2음절 이상의 단어에만 표시함.

1음절     :  pin,  cup,   Tom,   home,   find

2음절이상 :  party,  holiday, famous,  perfect(형),  compose,  perfect(동)

2. 발음부호 읽기

목차로

발음 기호
모 음			자음
기호	예		기호	예
[i: 이-] [i 이] [e 에] [æ 애] [ɑ: 아-]	see [si:] 씨 pig [pig] 피그 pen [pen] 펜 man [mæn] 맨 father [f□:ðər] 파더		[p ㅍ] [b ㅍ] [t ㅌ] [d ㄷ] [k ㅋ] [g ㄱ]	paint [peint] 페인트 book [buk] 붘 team [ti:m] 티임 desk [desk] 데스크 keep [ki:p] 키입 get [get] 겥
[ɑ 아] [ɔ: 오-] [u: 우-] [u 우]	box [bɑks] 박스 tall [tɔ:l] 토올 moon [mu:n] 무운 put [put] 풑		[s ㅅ] [z ㅈ] [ʃ 싀] [ʒ 즤] [ʧ (읕)츼] [ʤ (읃)즤]	sun [sʌn] 썬 zoo [zu:] 즈우 she [ʃi:] 싀 television [télivìʒ(ə)n] cherry [ʧéri] 췌뤼 job [ʤɑb] 자압
[ʌ 어] [ə 어] [ə:r 어-]	come [kʌm] 컴 about [əbáut]어바웃 girl [gə:rl] 거럴
			[f ㅍ] [v ㅂ] [θ ㅼ, ㄸ] [ð ㅼ, ㄷ]	fire [faiər] 퐈이어 very [véri] 붸뤼 think [θiŊk] 띵크 they [ðei] 데이
[ei 에이] [ai 아이] [ɔi 오이] [au 아우]	cake [keik] 케익 ice [ais] 아이스 boy [bɔi] 보이 house [haus]하우스
			[m ㅁ] [n ㄴ] [Ŋ ㅇ] [l ㄹ] [r ㄹ]	milk [milk] 밀크 nose [nouz] 노우즈 king [kiŊ] 킹 little [lítl] 리틀 rose [rouz](우)로우즈
[ou 오우] [ɛər 에어] [iər 이어] [uər 우어] [ɔər 오어]	go [gou] 고우 chair [ʧɛər] 체어 ear [iər] 이어 poor [puər] 푸어 or [ɔər] 오어
			[h ㅎ] [w ㅜ, ㅗ] [j 이] [ts (ㅊ)ㅅ ] [dz 즈]	hear [hiər] 히어 wish [wiʃ] 위싀 year [jiər] 이어/여 pants [pænts] 팬츠 hands [hændz] 핸즈

출처: YBM si-sa 초등영어사전

제 1 편.  영어 책읽기가 두려운 사람

목차로

1. 모음

① a : æ[애], a[아], ei[에이], i[이], ɔ[오], ə[어]의 음가를 가지고 있음.

강세가 있는 a는 /æ/나 /a/ 또는 /ei/로 강하게 발음하며;  짧게 되는 발음은i/로;  끝에 e가 있는 짧은 단어 속의 a는 길게 /ei/로 발음하며; au, aw는 /ɔ/로 발음한다.   강세 없는 a는 /ə/로 약하게 발음이 된다.

eg. chállenge[챌런지],  stárt[스따알트],  fávorate[풰이버릿],

save[쎄이브], caught[코오트], saw[쏘오], explanátion[엑스플러네이션],

② e : e[에], i[이], ı[이], ə[어]로 발음이 됨.

강세 있는 e는 /e/로 강하게, ee는 길게 발음하여 /i:/, 강세 없는 e는 /ı/, 또는 /ə/로 약하게 발음한다.  그리고 모든 단어 끝에 있는 e는 발음하지 않는다.

eg. télephone[텔러포운]; need[니이드]; retire[뤼타이어] eleven[얼레븐],

belong[벌롱],  Memorial Day [머모리얼 데이]  tálent[탤런트];

some[썸], pine [파인]

cf. resumé[레주메이], finé[피네이]

③ i : i[이], ı[이], ai[아이], ə[어]의 음가를 가짐.

강세 있는 철자는 /i/로; 강세 바로 앞의 i는 /ı/로;  강세 있는 음절 바로 다음의 i는 /ə/로 발음된다.  그리고 단어 끝에 e가 있으면 e는 발음 않고 대신 앞 모음을 장모음,  또는  이중모음으로 길게 발음해야 한다.

eg.  responsibility [rıǀspɒnsəbíləti 뤼스판서빌리티],  time[타임],

2. 자음

① g :  g[그], ʤ[(읃)지], ʒ [지]    game[게임] ; large[라아-지] ;

garage[거롸아지], mirage[미롸아지], massage[머사아지]

dg : ʤ [(읃)지]    edge[엗지], bridge[브륃지], judge[ʤʌʤ젇지];

gh : /f/ 또는 묵음

tough[터프], cough[커프], laugh[래프], enough[이너프], draught ;

slaughter[슬로터], sight[싸잇ㅌ], night[나잇ㅌ], drought[드라웃ㅌ]

② ph는 /f/로 발음한다. 단 단어의 원 뜻을 살린다는 점에서 /p/로 발음하는 것들이 있다.

telephone[-f-], typhoon, elephant, philosophy ;

shepherd[-p-]= sheep+herd

③ th : θ[뜨], ð[드]

어두와 어미에서는 무성음 θ [ㅼ]로; 모음(有聲音)사이, 이중모음이나 장음 뒤에서는 유성음 ð[드]로 난다.

think[띵크], breath[브뤠ㅼ], bath[배애ㅼ] ;

father[퐈아더], breathe[브뤼이드], bathe[베이드], smooth[스무우드]

cf. with you[위듀]. with Tom[윋탐] (연음 되는 경우)

④ x : gz[그즈], ks[크스], z[즈]

강세 다음의 x는 무성음/ks/로, 강세 앞의 x는 유성음 /gz/로; 단어 처음엔 /z/로,  n다음엔 /ks/로 발음한다.

èxhibítion[엑서비션], táxi[택시] ; exhíbit[이그지빗], exámple[익잼플] ;             xenophobia [제너포비어](외국인 공포증), spinx [스핑ㅋ스].

⑤ g와 c의 발음

g나 c는 e, i, y앞에서는 /ʤ/, /s/로 발음되고  a, o, u앞에서는 /g/, /k/로 발음된다.   자음 앞의 c는 /k/로 발음한다.

gem, giant, gymnasium  ;  game, Gospel, guard, guest

center, city, cycle       ;  cancer, conquer, cucumber

class, clip, crown, clink [땡그랑]

⑥ r :  r[ㄹ], ɚ[얼], r[얼]

r은 자음이라고만 생각하지 말자. r은 모음처럼 발음되기 때문에 반모음이라고도 한다. 모음 뒤의 r은 r-colored(r음색을 띤)의 발음이 되도록 노력해야 한다. 단 영국식 발음은 r이 발음되지 않는 경향이 있다.

단어 앞의‘r’은 먼저 ‘우’의 입모양을 한 상태에서 발음한다.

/r/    right, ready, radio  right, roast, wrong, rice, really, rain, rhyme,

correct, hairy,  cherry

모음 뒤의 r은 / r /,  / ɚ /로 발음한다.

store,  inform, work, turtle, dollar ;  teacher, future

cf. work / walk ;   heart / hot

영국인은 work를 walk처럼, heart를 hot처럼 발음하는 사람들이 있다.

물론 문맥 속에서 그 의미를 알아내는 수밖에 없다.

eg. “I walk there.” 라고 말했어도 “I work there.”로 알아들어야 한다는 말이다.

3. 영국식과 미국식의 발음상 주된 차이

목차로

① a와 o의 발음이 다르다.

영국인은 철자대로 발음하고, 미국인은 a를 æ[애]로, o는 ɑ[아], ɒ[아],  ɔ[오]로  발음하는 것들이 많다.

미국식: fast[패스트], laughter[래프터], can't answer[캔ㅌ 앤써], castle[캐쓸]; God[갓], not[낫],

영국식: fast[파스트], laughter[라프터], can't answer[칸ㅌ 안써], castle[카쓸]; God[곳], not[놋],

② 영국인은 r을 발음하기 싫어하고, 미국인은 r을 발음하기 좋아한다.

③ 영국인은 단어 끝의 t를 발음하기 좋아하고, 미국인은 t를 발음하기 싫어한다.   미국:   Not at all[나래롤].  greater part[그뤠이러 파알트].                        영국:   Not at all[노태톨].  greater part[그뤠이터 파아트].

4. 묵음

b  :  climb[클라임], tomb[툼], dumb[덤], bomb[밤], plumber[플럼어]                           cf. bombard[밤바드]

gh :  taught[토오트], caught[코오트], thought[또오트], thorough[떠러]

h  :  hour[아워], honest[아니스트], humble[엄블]

k  :  knife[나이프], knight[나이트], kneel[니일]

l  :  walk, talk, folk, half, palm, psalm

p  :  psychology[싸이칼러지],  pneumonia[뉴모니어],  corps[코오],  coup[쿠],

psalm[싸암], receipt[뤼씨잇ㅌ], empty[엠티]

n  :  hymn[힘],  autumn[오텀],      cf. hymnal[힘널]

s  :  island[아일런ㄷ], isle[아열]

5. 연음

목차로

① 앞 단어 끝과 뒷단어의 첫 자음이 입안에서 발음되는 위치가 같을 때:

연음으로 인하여 겹친 자음 중 앞 단어의 끝자음을 생략하여 발음한다.

with the, and the, his sister, camp place, cupboard

{위더, 앤더, 히 씨스터, 캠 플레이스, 커보어드]

② 앞 단어의 끝자음과 뒷 단어의 첫 모음이 연결되어 한 음절처럼 발음되는 것.             This-year                                     [  díʃər 디셔 ]

The land-is mine. God gave this land to me.   [ lændís 랜디스 ]

Love-was-such an easy game to play.     [ lʌvwəsʌtʃən 러붜써천]

There's-a wolf!                                 [데저 울ㅍ]

Take-a look-at-it.                                [테이꺼루깨릿]

6. 단어 끝의 t, d는 발음하지 않는 것이 좋을 수도 있다.

the current president who seized power [더 커런 프레지던 후 씨즈 파워]

restaurant [뤠스터런]  Grand Park [그랜 파～ㅋ]

7. tt는 굴러가는 소리로

áttitude[애리튜드],    péttiness[페리니스],   spótted[스빠리ㄷ],   báttle[배를],      reséttlement[뤼쎄를먼] líttle[리를],    cáttle[캐를],  mátter[매러], bétter[베러],

8. 강세 뒤의 t 는 약하게 그리고 구르는 소리로

invíted[인바이릿],  compúter[컴퓨러],  túrtle[터를],  Sáturday[쌔러디],              dramátically[드뤄매리컬리], activity[액티비리]

9. nt + 모음 = t생략

wanted[워닛],  twenty[트워니}, interview[이너뷰], accountable[어카우너블],          international[이너내셔널],  Count on me[카우넌미].

That's a weak point in your book [윅포이닌 유어붘].  Atlánta[앹래너]

10. ntly는 틀리가 아니고 을리로

currently[커런을리], recently[뤼슨을리], significantly[씨그니퓌컨을리],              importantly[임포턴을리], apparently[어패런을리].

11. th는 정말 발음하기 힘들어

① n으로 동화  :  down there [다운 네어],  in that [인 냇],

② s로 동화    : What is that?  [ 와 리 잿?]

③ l로 동화    : those people there [ 도우즈 피쁠 레어]

12. 발음을 생략하는 자음들 :   f, t, g, d, st, ts, sts, th, h.

kind of[카이너],  sort of [쏘러];

want to[워너],   going to[고너],  doing[두인],  and,

sick and tired[씨큰타이어],        rock and roll[롸큰롤]

just then[저쓰덴]      must think[머쓰띵ㅋ] ;

announced Sunday[어나운 썬디],             He trusts me[추뤄스 미].

scientists say[싸이언티 쎄이],                Smith said[스미쎄ㄷ],

both sides[보우 싸이즈],                    look at them[루깨름]

I totally agree with him on that matter. [어그뤼 위듬]

13. 축약

목차로

①  [ t + you]

Can't you be a little more specific?               [  kæntʃu 캔츄 ]

[ t + your, you're]                                     [    tʃər    ]

Please put your signature here.                    [   pútʃər 푸쳐  ]

②  [ d + you]

Would you mind if I smoke here?                        [ 우저  ]

[ d + your]

I closely examined your reports.           [ igzæmindʒər 이그재민져]

I need your love.                                          [  니저   ]

God speed your love.                                  [  스삐저  ]

③ What do you → Wharyu [와류],    Whatcha[와쳐]

What do you say to～?

What do you think?                            [ hwarjuθíɧk 와류띵 ]

What do you want from me?

④ you = ya

I'm worried about you.  = about ya                      [ 어바웃처 ]

Got you. = Got ya.

How are you doing?    = Ha ya doin?                   [하야두인]

⑤ they're [ ðər],   you're [jər],  we're [wər]

⑥ 조동사 + have p.p.

should have been [슈러빈],

must have been  [머스러빈]

could have done [ 쿠럽던]

1997. 9. 13.

참고자료 : Essence 영한사전,  Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,

AFKN 영어청취,  Collins Cobuild English Dictionary

나도 이제 영어책 읽을 수 있다.

목차로

지도방법: 학생이 잘 읽지 못하는 단어는 반복하여 읽어 줌으로써 외워지게 하는 것이                바람직하며, 발음규칙이나 원리를 습득하지 못한다고 속상해 할 필요는 없습니다.

1. 모음 읽기

a  [ a 아]     father, 퐈아더 palm 파암,  calm 카암,

ar [ ar  아-]   bar,  barn, bark,  dark,  cart, far,  farm,  garden,

large,  Arthur

a  [ æ 애]    ask,  and, sand, bad,  bat,  dam, can,  sad,  angry,

Sam,   Saturday

a [ ei 에이]   cake, cage, came, game,  able,  cable,  name,

same,  table, race,  stable,  maple, waves, naver,

☞ 단어 끝의 e는 음가가 없으므로 발음하지 않는 대신 앞의 모음을                        이중모음으로 [에이]와 같이 발음한다.

e [ e 에]    bed,  get,  net,  pen,   pet,  set,  sense,  ten,

everything,  web,

ea [ i: 이이]  하얀 이를 씩 드러내고 예쁘게 웃을 때의 모습과 같이 발음해 주세요.

eat[이잍],  beat[비잍],  bean,  neat,  sea,  seat,  seal,  meal,  meat,

easy[이이지],  each[이이치], pea,  peach,  peanuts, really,  tea,  teach,

teacher[티이쳐],   read[뤼이드],  lead[리이드], leading, eagle

er [ ə:r 어-]  doer,  caller,  drawer,  teacher,   painter,   pitcher,

receiver,   monster,   winner,   loser

i  [ i 이]   tin,  pin,   sin,   in,   into,   city,   sister,   sit,

sing,    Kim,    ping pong,   ability,   responsibility

i [ai 아이] time,   fine,  line,   pine tree,  pile,  pipe,   fire,  mime,                    mile,   smile,  nice,   rice,  lice,   like,   bike,   ride(r), site,

dine,   dime,  dive(s),  tire,  tired,  retire,  satire,  tiger, high

rise,  rising,  shine,  shining,  find,  bind,  kind,   mind,                     silent,  night,  light,  tight,

☞ 단어 끝의 e는 음가가 없으므로 발음하지 않는 대신 앞의 모음을                         이중모음으로 [아이]와 같이 발음한다.

ir  [ ə:r 어-]  sir,   dirty,   thirty,   third,  bird,  birthday,  shirt

o   [ ɔ:  오]   for,  sorry,   victory,  forty,  boy,   toy,  poll,  toll,  roll

o   [ ou 오우]  vote,  tone,  cone,  bone, those,  notebook,

go,  so,  no,  O.K.

☞ 단어 끝의 e는 음가가 없으므로 발음하지 않는 대신 앞의 모음을                          이중모음으로 [오우]와 같이 발음한다.

o   [ u   우]   who,  do,   to,  today,  tonight,   tomb,   bosom,

o   [ ʌ  어]   does,  come,  become,  front, some,   none,   gone,

money,   monkey

oa [ ou 오우]  road,  load,   loading,  coat,  boat,

or  [ ə:r 어-]  doctor,   actor,  tutor,   mentor,   visitor,  victor,  color

ou  [ au 아우]  out,  shout,  loud,  cloud,  aloud,  mouse

ow  [ au 아우]  now,   bow,  cow,  coward,  owl,  towel,  tower, vowel,

down,  downstairs

[ ou 오우]  low,   blow,   sow,  flow,  slow,  snow,   glow,  know,

own,  owe,  tomorrow,   show

u   [ u  우]   put,  super,  push, pull,  full,   bull,   rule,  ruler,  Busan

[ ʌ  어]   us,  but,  cut,  hutch,  plump,   slump,   underwear, brush

ur  [ ə:r 어-]  turn,  burn,   Thursday,   turtle,   surfing,   burden

y  [ai 아이]   by,  fly,  fry,  try,  cry,  reply,  apply,  style, tyre

[i  이]   easy,  study,  tiny,  runny,  happy,  sunny,  rainy,  money,

monkey,  many,  boy,  toy, baby, birthday,  attorney, soy bean

☞ y는 단어 중간이나 끝에서는 모음 취급한다.

1-1 모음 + r

-ar : bar,  barn, bark,  dark,  cart, far,  farm,  garden,

-er : doer,  caller,  drawer,  teacher,   painter,   pitcher,

-ir : sir,   dirty,   thirty,   third,  bird,  birthday,  shirt

-or : doctor,   actor,  tutor,   mentor,   visitor,  victor,  color

-ur : turn,  burn,   Thursday,   turtle,   surfing,   burden

2. 자음 읽기

ck  [k  크]  check,  deck,  peck,  neck,   back,   backyard

ch  [k 크]   school,  Christ,  Christmas,

ch  [ ʧ 취]  chin,   teach,  child,  children,   match,  watch,  coach,

reach,   rich,  peach,   pitch,   pitcher,  such,

c   [s  스]  e, i, y 앞에서 s로 발음 :  center,  city,  cycle,  success, succeed

c   [k  크]  a, o, u 앞에서 k로 발음 :  cam,  come,  cucumber

자음 앞에서 k로 남 : success,  class,  clip,   cry,   crown,

class,   doctor,   actor,   victory,   picture,

ds  [dz  즈]  words,  reads,  friends,  towards,  goods,  regards, dad's

guides,  modes

-(e)d [t 트] 무성음 뒤에서 laughed,  touched,  forced, liked,  booked,

blessed,   smoked,  looked,  fixed

[d 드]  유성음 뒤에서 learned,  lived,  received,  smiled, bored, dried

[id 이드] d, t 뒤에서 planted, wanted, decided,  started,  lighted, landed

g   [ g 그]  game,  go,  gun,  give,  gave,  given,  giggle,  dog,

[ ʤ  (읃)즤] gin,  large,  vegetables,  gym,   gymnast

gh  [ f 프]  tough,  rough,  enough,  laugh,

[ 묵음]  light,  sight,  tight,  night,  right,  fight, bright

taught,  caught,  thought,  through,  thorough

h   [ h  흐]  hand,   head,  hair,  home,  house,  help,  hello

[ 묵음 ]  honest,   hour,  humor,

k   [ 묵음]   knife,  know,   knight,   knowledge,   knee,  kneel,

ng  [ Ŋ  받침ㅇ]  sing,  king,   fishing,  ring, / jingle,  English,

nk  [ Ŋk  ㅇ크]   ink,   sink,   monk,  think,  / puncture

qu  [kw 쿠]   quit,   quite,  queen,   queer

ar, er, ir... [ ər 어-]  dollar,   teacher,  bird,  doctor,   turtle,  Arthur

cr, dr, tr, pr ...  :  cream,  dream,  crimson,  cry,  try, dry, drive, tree,

trip,  train.  trunks,  pray,  prize,  praise,  practice

s    [묵음]     island,  isle,  aisle,

sh   [ ʃ  싀]    she,   wash,  crush,  rush,  dash,  bush,  fish,  ship

th   [ θ ㅼ, ㄸ]  think,  thought,  thank you,  thigh,  thin,  theater                         breath,  bath,   myth,

[ð  ㅼ, ㄷ]  breathe, bathe,  smooth,  soothe,  they,  brother, weather

ts   [ ts 쓰, 츠]   its,   students,   wants,  tents,  peanuts,

wa  [ wɔ 워]    wash,   water,   war,  want,  warrior,  wander,  wall

we  [we 웨]    web,  went,  well,  Wednesday, when,  where

wi  [ wi  위]  winter, window, win, wings,  willow,  will,  wither, which

wo  [ wʌ 워]   wonder, wonderland,  won,  worry,  wonderful,  wondrous,

-x   [ -ks  ㅋㅅ]   taxi,   exit,  box,  ex-president,   fix,  exhibition

[ gz   ㄱㅈ]  exam,  examination,   exhibit,  exist,  exhaust

x-   [z   즈]   xylophone,   xenophobia,

☞ 단어의 첫 자로 쓰인 y 즉, 모음 앞의 y는 반모음이며, 뒤따르는 모음                      과 합쳐 복모음을 만든다.   :  y + 모음 = 복모음

ya   [ja   야]  yard,  yaght,

ye   [je  예]   yes,  yeah,   yellow,  yen,

yi   [ji   이]   yield

3. 음절수 대로 읽기

목차로

음절은 [모,  자+모,  자+모+자,  모+자]와 같이 모음을 중심으로 이루어진다.

birth-day

fish          fish-y

great         great-ly

soft          soft-ly

teach         teach-er

touch         touch-ing

won-der-ful    won-drous,    won-der-land

af-ter-noon     sure-ly

per-fect       child-ren

be-cause,      un-der-stand-ing

4. 연음 (이어서 말하기)

목차로

앞 단어의 끝 자음과 뒷 단어의 첫 모음이 한 글자를 이룬다.

I   want  to  do what you want.  ⇒  I   want  to  do what you want.

[아이 원트  투 두  홭  유  원트   ⇒ 아이 원   투  두  홧  추   원]

I  have   a  book.      I    have a book.

[아이 해브 어  붘    ⇒  아이 해  버 붘.]

Yes,  it  is.         Yes,   it is.          Yes, it is.

[예스 잍 이즈.    ⇒  예스 이 티즈.  ⇒   예 시리-즈.]

I'm  a  student.       I'm a student.      I'm a student.

[아임 어 스튜든.  ⇒   암 어 스튜든. ⇒  아머 스튜든.]

What's your name?     What's your name?

[화츠 유어 네임?  ⇒   화 츄어   네임? ]

Did you do your homework?       Did you do your homework?

[디드 유 두 유어 홈워얼크?  ⇒   디  쥬  두 유어 홈워얼크?]

as  soon as         as  soon as      as  soon as

[애즈 순  애즈   ⇒  애 순 애즈  ⇒  어  수 너스 ]

I'm  not  as   strong as you are.     I'm not as strong  as you are.

[아임 낱 애즈 스트롱 애즈 유 아  ⇒ 암 나러 스트롱  어 슈  아]

this year      this year    this year

[디스 이어  ⇒ 디 싀어   ⇒ 디셔]

Take a look at it.      Take a look at it.     Take a look at it.

[테잌 어 뤀 앹 잍   ⇒테이 꺼 루 꺁  잍 ⇒ 테이꺼  루깨 릿]

Is this like you?      ⇒   Is this like you?

[이즈 디스 라잌 유?   ⇒   이즈 디스 라이큐? ]

No,  this  is  more like you?  ⇒  No,  this is  more like you?

[노우, 디스 이즈 모어 라잌 유.     ⇒  노우, 디시즈 모어 라이큐.]

3단계  Phonics

1단계 : 영어 모음과 자음 익히기

단계별 Phonics

1) 모음

a [아]     I live with my Papa, Mama, and grandfather.

e [에]     A pet dog on the bed.  every ten days.  ten men in a car.

i [이]      Kim Min-su is sitting in the room reading.

My sister is living in Incheon city.

o [오]     I'm sorry for being late.   Boys like toys.

u [우]     Don't push me!   Put this ruler on the table.

2) 반모음 :

w [우, 오]   Water, please.   I want some water, please.

Will you help me?   Yes, I will.

I went to church without my wallet.

Winter wind came through the windows.

What will you do while you are in America?

y [이]    Boys like toys.  This is easy.  Yes, it is.

A big yacht in the front yard.

Beautiful yellow flowers in the back yard.

So I am a happy lady.

3) 자음

g [ㄱ]    Give me some gum.          Get some water, please.

Let's play the game together.   Let's walk the dog.

Very good!   That's great!

n [ㄴ]    The sun in the sky is shining brightly.

No. The moon in the dark sky is brighter.

The man in the room is my uncle.

d [ㄷ]    Do you want to drink some water?

Yes, I do.   No, I don't.  Open the door, please.

My dog likes to play with a teddy bear.

l, r [ㄹ]   I like dolls.  I love to play computer games.

This is a small ball, but that's a bigger ball.

Don't cry!   This is a better one.

He is a tall man, but his wife is a short woman.

Go straight and then turn right at the first corner.

I had a strange dream last night.   Really?   Great!

The birds were singing in the trees.

m  [ㅁ]   Mama, Mother, Grandmother!  Come here!  It's mine.

Just a moment!     I'm coming.   This is my umbrella.

I love my family.   This is my math teacher.

b, v [ㅂ]  Bravo!   Brilliant!   The boy is my nephew.

The full moon is bright.   Bring your umbrella just in case.

Her voice is very clear.   We can win the victory.

c, s [ㅅ]  Guess what!  We will go shopping soon.

Let's go outside.   It's snowing.  Singing in the rain is romantic.

Nancy is a famous singer in the city.

ng [ㅇ]    Let's sing a song for a change.    No, let's play ping pong.

No, I like swimming rather than golfing.

Let's go shopping after studying.    Bingo!

g, j, z [ㅈ] James is my friend.     He was born in July.

Just a moment.     Look at the zebra in the zoo.

Let's go to the school gym.   It's very large.

ch [ㅊ]    Kimchi is my favorite side dish.  But I like chicken best.

I saw a Chimpanzee in China.

ck, k [ㅋ] Check the time.    Come back!     Pick up the bucket!

He is very kind.  King of kings.   He kicked the cat hard.

t [ㅌ]     Time and tide waits for no man.  Tomorrow is another day.

Try a triple jump three times.

f, p [ㅍ]   Papa grows a pine free in the front yard.

My sister plays the piano very well.  I can play the flute.

My phone number is five, five, five - five, six, five, six.

I find it interesting to talk to foreigners.

He speaks English very fast.   I like peanuts.

h [ㅎ]   Hi guys!   What's up? He is wearing a hat!

Hey!  If it's you Jane!  How are you doing? Look at the hippo.

ds [즈]  These are my friends.    He is reading words and idioms.

He reads books on Sundays.

ts [츠]  What's the weather like today?    It's sunny.

He wants to go out.      My boots are very expensive.

What's its brand name?

ph [ㅍ]  He is answering he phone. Ralph took a photo of an elephant.

gh [ㅍ]   Don't laugh.   She is very tough.     That's enough.
sh [시]   Wash your face!  Brush your teeth!

Is that a turtle-ship?   Don't rush!    Don't push me!

th [드]  They are brothers.    What's the weather like today?

It's windy.   I can hardly breathe.

He is wearing a funny bathing suit.

th [뜨]   Thank you.    I think you are very kind.

He is in the bathroom.   Let's go to the movie theater.

x [ㄳ, ]  Let's take a taxi.      Where is the exit?

I need a box.      Who is next?   industrial exhibition

x [ㄱㅈ,  ㅈ ]  The exit is here.  The exam is around the corner.

I can play the xylophone.   He has a xenophobia.

c [ㅋ, ㅅ]

ca, co, cu  [ㅋ]   I can come by six.     Do you like cucumber?

ce, ci, cy  [ㅅ]      It's nice to ride a cycle in the city center.

g [ㄱ, ㅈ]

ga, go, gu  [ㄱ]   Let's go to play the game.  Do you want some gum?

ge, gi, gy  [ㅈ]    The gem stone should be entrusted in the gym.

Ginger is good for cold.

제 2단계 : 모음의 여러 발음들

a [애]     May I ask a question?       Bats can fly in the dark.

He is very angry.            He is so sad now.

Today is Saturday.           Go and ask her.

a [에이]   This game is not easy.       My name is Jane.

I came from Spain.          This is the same as that.

This table is made of wood.

ai [에이]   Spain is in Europe.         Never fail to get up early.

I had my hair cut today.

ay [에이]  Don't say anything today.    Today is a payday.

Never say "die."

a [어]    My uncle is a graduate student.   Americans are affectionate.

I'm attending Namsan elementary school.

Please allow me to go out.   He has just arrived.

au [오] Because of rain, I caught a bad cold. My dad taught me English.

aw [오]   I saw a big tiger.      His paw is scary.

Can you draw it?   It sounds awkward.  Thailand is awesome!

e  [이]  Don't be so sad. Be happy always.  Be careful. Good evening.

He is a teacher.    She is making a tea.    He likes coffee.

es [이즈]  Classes are over now.   The american houses are beautiful.

People are sitting on te benches.   He teaches English.

My son brushes three times a day.

ea [이]   Take a seat!     This is a baby meal.  Look at the seal.

The room is so neat and tidy.   I can read these sentences.

I like eating green beans. Teachers should teach things easily.

ee [이]   I see.     I've seen it.     Look at this cheese.

The coffee smells good.    The committee all agreed.

My employees work very hard.

ie [이]   Susie studied English.    It's a piece of cake.

Field hockey is a popular sports in Canada.

i  [아이]   Time is money.     Time and tide waits for no man.

This is a dining room.    Don't bite your nail.

y [아이]   Let the baby cry.    Try this!

He is a stylist.       The cyclist is going so fast.

o [오우]  Don't throw a stone onto the frog.     Let's go home.

I like ice cream cone.  Rome was not built in a day.

A lonesome fox was walking on the lonely desert.

oo [우]  This book is so difficult.    Today the moon is so bright.

Birds are singing in the wood.    He came too soon.

o  [아]  Mother!    God!   I exalt You.

I'm not a boy any more.    I got all A's this semester.

oa [오우] She is wearing a fur coat.   I have a sore throat.

The road was muddy.       Let's ride a boat.

ou [아우] Don't make a sound.  There was a serious drought in Africa.

Mighty mouse is a character in an animation.

ow [아우]   Hanu is a Korean cow.     Attention!  Bow!

ow [오우]   Blow your nose!     Water flows down the stream.

Make your own timetable.

oi [오이]   The boiling water is dangerous.   I joined the club.

The city is noisy with cars.

oy [오이]  The boy likes eating oyster.

The employer employed the man as his employee.

u  [유]    Usually I don't use a dictionary.

United States is a big country.   Utopia is an ideal world.

u [어]     The cat is under the table.

Don't go anywhere until I come back.

I want to go to an unknown world.

eu [유]   I went to Europe just once.

ew [유]   Did you hear the news?     Only a few heard the news.

Today I'll make kimchi stew.  I knew it from a few days ago.

모음 + r = 꼬부랑말

ar [알]   I parked the car in the park.

I went into the dark barn.     It's far away.

er [얼] Jane is her sister.  I'm so nervous now. I'm full of energy now.

ir [얼]     Look at the bird!  Excuse me, sir!  I'm in my thirties.

or [올]      I'm sorry.    He went north with a torch.

He's been studying for five hours without a break.

or [얼]     Doctor!   There is a visitor outside.

ur [얼]    Turtle.  Surprise!

are [에어]   The child is walking on bare foot.

Please be careful.     I'm scared of dogs.

air [에어]    The taxi fare is fairly expensive.

The hare is sitting on the chair.   My hair is messy.

ire [아이얼]   I'm tired.   Let's make a fire.   I admire him.

ore [오얼]    The big store has many items.  He is a snoring a bear.

I'm bored.  I want some more.  I have a sore arm.

ure [유어]   I can cure your disease surely. You should endure the pain.

I have to secure some capital.

You should drink pure water as much as possible.

제 3 단계 : 묵음, 약화, 연음, 생략

1. 묵음 :

b     The boy climbed the tomb.    The man is dumb.

gh    Let's light the candle.     It's a tight schedule.

Let's fight it out.

h     He is very honest, humble but humorous.

His humor lasted an hour.

k     I know how to use this knife.

The knight knelt down before the king.

I don't have any knowledge about that.

l     Walking in the morning half an hour is good for your exercise.

You should clap your palms when you sing folk songs.

The palm tree is so tall.

King David's words were written in poetry in psalm.

p     The baby is suffering from pneumonia.

The box is empty.  I need a receipt.   He is a psychologist.

n     Hymns are the songs in the hymnal.

s     No people live in a deserted island.

The British isles are the small islands.

The man walking through the aisle is a policeman.

2. Schwa Sound (약화된 모음)

i  [어]    I have a responsibility to do that.

e [어]    I don't belong here.   He arrived here before eleven.

a [어]    I need some explanation.   Could you explain it to me?

3. 연음 :

I went to school early.   The boy and the dog went out.

His sister went to America this year.

The camp place was so beautiful.  Do you want to go hiking?

4. 생략 :

Have you ever visited the Grand Park?

The student had dinner with the president in a nice restaurant.

I'm kind of tired.    Look at him.    None of them came.

5. 축약 :

Do you know what time it is?     Did you know the truth?

How do you know that?        How would you like it?

Would you mind opening the window? Could you please help me?

6. Trill Sound (떠는 소리)

I've never thought about it.  They settled there with some cattle.

He needed a bottle to carry some water.  Today is Saturday.

The little boy got better and better everyday.  I am now twenty.

7. 음절별로 발음하기

I could have done it.        He would have arrived.

8. 끊어읽기

주부 / 술부

주어 / 술어 / 부사어

주어 / 술어 / 부사어 / 접속사

Intensive Pronunciation Course

목차로

※ 영어를 정확하게 읽고, 잘 들을 수 있을려면 다음의 것들을 꼭 알아야 한다.

1. Glide down 법칙에 입각해서 읽고 말할 줄 알아야 한다.

2. 자음(한국인들이 흔히 편한 대로 발음하는 경향이 많은 자음)

1) r 과 l 의 차이점을 알아야 한다.

2) s 와 th 의 구분을 해야한다.

3) v 와 b, f 와 p 를 구분 해야한다.

3. 모음 : 모음 사각도에 따른 입안에서의 모음이 발음되는 위치를 알아야 한다.

j, i, e, ɛ, æ, ə, ʌ, a, o, u, ɔ, ɷ.

4. ‘으’, ‘이’ 부착증이 없어야 한다.

5. 연음, 동화, 축약, 약화, 생략 등에 대하여 알아야 한다.

6. 음절별로 발음하고, 강세와 억양이 있어야 하며, 끊어 읽기를 잘 해야 한다.

I. Glide Down

목차로

※ 영어를 읽을 때는 끝을 내려 읽는 것이 일반적이다.

Ex. One,  two,  three,  four,  five,   six,   seven,  eight,  nine,  ten.

I am a boy. You are a girl. I am a man. I like English. I want to go. I want to go there. ( With glide down )	Cf. I am a robot. I want to go. You are in danger. ( Without glide down : monotonous )

II. The Consonants of English (자음)

[1]. 調音場所 (Places of articulation)

목차로

In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be obstructed in some way.  Consonants can therefore be classified according to the place and manner of articulation.

Figure 1.1                Figure.  1.2 Places of articulation :

1. Bilabial: m, p, b.  2. Labiodental: f, v.

The principal parts      3. Dental:  th         4. Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l.

of the upper surface      5. Retroflex: r         6. Palato-Alveolar: sh, g,

of the vocal tract.        7. Palatal: y           8. Velar: k, g, ng.

1. Bilabial  (兩循音: Made with the two lips.)

Say words such as “pie, buy, my”

2. Labiodental  (循齒音: Lower lip and upper front teeth.)

Most people when saying words such as “fie, vie” raise the lower lip    until it nearly touches the upper front teeth.

3. Dental  (齒音: Tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth.)

Say the words “thigh, thy.”

4. Alveolar (齒槽音: 잇몸소리 Tongue tip or blade and the alveolar        ridge.) You may pronounce words such as “tie, die, nigh, sigh, zeal,     lie” using the tip of the tongue or the blade of the tongue.

5. Retroflex (反轉音: Tip of the tongue raised and the back of the         alveolar ridge.)

“rye, row, ray.” “ire, hour, air.”   plural

6. Palato-Alveolar (硬口蓋音: Tongue blade and the back of the            alveolar ridge.)

The blade of the tongue is always close to the back part of the         alveolar ridge. “shy, she, show.” Try saying “Shipshape.”

7. Palatal (口蓋音: Front of tongue and hard palate.)

Say the word “you” very slowly.  The front of the tongue is raised     toward the hard palate.

8. Velar (軟口蓋音: Back of the tongue and soft palate.)

“hack. hag, hang” In all these sounds the back of the tongue is         raised so that it touches the velum.

[2]. 한국인이 알아야할 주요 발음들

목차로

1.   l 은  잇몸소리이며 우리말의 ‘ㄹ’과 같다.

r 은  입을  약간 벌린 ‘아’ 또는 ‘어’ 상태에서 혀끝을 뒤로 약간       구부리면 된다.  단, 혀끝이 입천장에 닿지 않아야 한다.

Ex) actor, settler, corp, Korea, murmur,

cure,  store,  beer,  here,  fire.

* rice,    * road,  * right,

Cf.   lice,      load,     light,    like,

2. th [ Ɵ, ð ]는 위 아랫니 사이에  혀끝을 넣은 상태로 공기가 입     밖으로 삐집고 빠져 나가는 소리이다.  혀끝과  윗니 사이에서 공기가 나가면서 나는 소리라고 보는 이들이 많다.

Ex) Thank you.  thought,  think,  breath,  breathe,  path,

Cf.  sank,        sought,   sink,   brass,   breed,    pass

It's worse doing it.      It's worth doing it.

3. v 나 f 는 아랫입술을 윗니에 가볍게 댄 상태에서 공기가  마찰 되면서 입 밖으로 새나가는 소리이다.

Ex) visit,   vase,  vote,  face,  fine,   fair,  feel,  fun.

Cf.  busy,  base,  boat, pace,  pine,   pair,  peel,  pun.

violin  piano,  opera

[3] Some confusing sounds (consonants

목차로

1. coffee or copy?

□□ fish, famous, coughing, knife, wolf

□□ pea, pie, happy, topic, ape,

* To say “F,” gently place your top teeth on your bottom lip and exhale(blow).      The “F” sound is very long and soft.  When you say “fff,” you can see your       top teeth.

* The “P” sound is like the Korean “ㅍ” but a little softer. It is a                    short, hard sound.

PRACTICE: flipper,   pilfer,  floppy.

2. road or load?

□□ rake, rhyme, hairy, cherry, bear, far.

□□ lake, lose,   hello,  chilly,  tall,  fall.

* To say “L,” put the tip of your tongue right behind your front                      teeth  and smile.

* When you say “R,” your tongue is in the back of your mouth, and                  your lips should be puckered up -- as if you were kissing!

PRACTICE: Al Gore,  Laura,  rarely,  Really?

3. bet or vet?

□□ boy, butter, hobby, crab.

□□ Valentine, eve, ever, ivy.

* The “V” is just like “F,” but you have to use your voice!

* “B” sounds like the Korean “ㅂ” or “ㅃ.”

PRACTICE: brave, evening bells, Leave It to Beaver.

4. zoo or Jew?

□□ zipper, zero, hazy, daze.

□□ jelly, orange, George, page.

* To say “z,” just say “sss” and add your voice. “z” is a long                         sound.

* “J” sounds like the Korean “ㅈ” or “ㅉ.”

※When words end with “ge,” do not pronounce the “e”!

PRACTICE: Teenagers go through phases.

5. ‘lice’   or   ‘rice?'

목차로

A	B
‘l’	단어 앞의‘r’은 ‘우’를 먼저 발음한 상태에서
lady light [라잇ㅌ} lost long [롱] lice [라이ㅅ] lily load lake, lane [레인] collect [컬렉ㅌ] I'll hello, chilly, fall, lime	ready, radio right [(우)롸잇ㅌ] roast wrong [(우)롱] rice [(우)롸이ㅅ] really road rake, rain [(우) 뤠인] correct [커뤡ㅌ] are hairy, cherry, far, rhyme,
walk calf talk half (help) stalk palm psalm film	work scarf farm

※ To say “L,” put the tip of your tongue right behind your front                     teeth  and smile.

※ When you say “R,” your tongue is in the back of your mouth, and         your lips should be puckered up -- as if you were kissing!

PRACTICE: Al Gore,  Laura,  rarely,  Really?

r 은  입을  약간 벌린 ‘아’ 또는 ‘어’ 상태에서 혀끝을 뒤로 약간 구부리면 된다.  단, 혀끝이 입천장에 닿지 않아야 한다.

목차로

6. Retroflex (反轉音: Tip of the tongue raised and the back of the                    alveolar ridge.)    “rye, row, ray.” “ire, hour, air.”

‘r’ is not ‘ㄹ’ in Korean alphabets or ‘르｢굴러가는 소리｣’.  It's               more like vowel sound. We can easily see the difference when it is               together with vowel sounds like:

Ex) actor, settler, corp, Korea, murmur,

cure,  store,  beer,  here,  fire,  air, hour

※모음 + r은 : 혀 구부러진 소리 [ r-colored like ɚ ]

ar     dollar,  dark,  star

er     teacher,

ir     thirty,  third,

or     doctor,  tutor

ur    Thursday,   turtle,   turn

l	초성	자음뒤에	모음뒤에
lady light lost lily load	ready right roast really road	breed trip drip dream practice	dollar star, dark parking peace corp thirty love

Ex. Would you like some more rice?     [lice]

Park the car in the Harvard yard.

cf. Pahk the cah in the Hahvaad yahd.

coal- miners   :  coal- minus

III. English Vowels (모음)

[1]. A Vowel Chart

목차로

front             central                 back

high                                                                                                  i                             u

ɩ                   ɷ

mid-high             e                         o

ə

mid

ɛ                   ɔ

mid-low                             ʌ

æ                   ɒ

low                                     a        ɑ

① ɛ (epsilon)  Comes from the Greek letter epsilon.    Ex. “head”

② æ (digraph) Is based on the letters ‘a’ and ‘e’ joined together. Ex.“had”

③ ɑ  “heart, hot”  [hɑɹt, hɑt] -- Most Americans.

[hɑt,  hɒt] -- Some East Coast Americans and

speakers of British English.

④ ɔ  (an open letter o or an inverted letter c)

*Most speakers of British forms of English, and many American           speakers distinguish between pairs of words such as “cot, caught; not, naught” [kɑt, kɒt / kɔ:t]; [nɑt / nɔ:t] And also as in “bawd, bought, law”

*Many Midwestern and Far Western American speakers do not use the symbol, but they have different vowels in words such as “moss” and “morse”  [mɑs, mɔ:ɹs] so that they would use the symbol [ɔ] when there is a following [ɹ] sound.

⑤ ɷ  (a letter w with the ends curled in or an inverted heart)

This vowel in “hoe, dough, snow” is regarded as a diphthong.

.

⑥ u “who, hoot, boot” or as in Spanish “uno”

cf.“you” or the name of the letter u would be transcribed with the           consonant [j] at the beginning.  “cute, few” [kjut, fju]

⑦ ə  (An upside-down letter e) Is used for the sound in “pert, bird,

curt,” as pronounced by most speakers of British English and those        speakers of American English who do not have an [ɹ] sound in these words.  It may be referred to by the name schwa.

⑧ ʌ  British speakers usually distinguish these words such as “pert, bird, curt” from the corresponding words “putt, bud, cut” simply by a vowel quality.  They therefore need an additional symbol [ʌ], an inverted v (sometimes referred to by the name wedge) for transcribing these vowels.  Many Americans distinguish these words like “pert, putt ; bird, bud ; curt, cut.” by using the symbols [ɚ] and [ə], so        that they may never need the symbol [ʌ].  In this case the vowel is r-colored.

※ Schwa ( ə ) sound

목차로

By far the commonest unstressed vowel is [ə]. It occurs at the ends of words such as “sofa, soda” [ǀsoɷfə, ǀsoɷdə],  in the middle of words such as “emphasis, deprecate” [ǀɛmfəsɩs, ǀdɛpɹəkeɩt ], and at the beginning of the words such as “around, arise” [əǀɹaɷnd, əǀɹaɩz]. (In all these words the symbol [ǀ] is a stress mark that has been placed before the syllable  carrying the main stress.   Stress should always be marked in words of  more than one syllable.)

In British English [ə] is usually the sole component of the “-er” part of words such as “father, brotherhood, simpler” [ǀfɑðə, ǀbɹʌðəhɷd, ǀsɩmplə].  In forms of American English with r-colored vowels, these words are usually [ǀfɑðɚ, ǀbɹʌðɚhɷd, ǀsɩmplɚ].  In addition, [ə] occurs very frequently in unstressed monosyllables such as the grammatical function words “the, a, to, and, but.”   In    connected speech these words are usually [ðə, ə, tə,  ənd, bət]. And also as in “spaghétti,  careér,  cáncel,  concéal, explanation.”

영어의 모음은 강세가 없는 단어의 중간이나 단어의 끝에서 약하게 발음이 되는데

이때는 약하게 Schwa라는 이름을 가진 [ə, 어]와 같이 발음을 해야한다.

explain   => explanation [엑스플러네이션]

belong, before => before [버포] , belong [벌롱]

[2]. Some Confusing Sounds (Vowels)

목차로

① celery or salary?

□□ bell, pet, elephant, telephone

□□ fat, lap, Spanish, banana

* To say “e,”  smile slightly.

* To say “a,”  open your mouth wide. “a” is usually a long vowel.

PRACTICE: Adam's apple, fat cat, television

② sheep or ship?

□□ least, pea, steam, career

□□ list, pillow, slip, trip

* To say “ee,”  smile!

* To say “i,”  keep your mouth narrow.   “i,” is usually a shorter vowel

than “ee.”

PRACTICE: feeling, filling

****************Circle the word the teacher is saying.****************

I. 자음

1) ⓐ coffee               ⓑcopy

2) ⓐ collect               ⓑ correct

3) ⓐ rain                 ⓑ lane

4) ⓐ I'll                  ⓑ are

5) ⓐ medicine            ⓑ Madison

6) ⓐ bomb it             ⓑ vomit

7) ⓐ Goofy               ⓑ goopy

8) ⓐ rice                 ⓑ lice

9) ⓐ air                  ⓑ ale

10) ⓐ vet                  ⓑvat           ⓒbet           ⓓ bat

11) ⓐ berry                ⓑ very

12) ⓐ Zeus                ⓑ juice

II. 모음

1) ⓐ pill                 ⓑ peel          ⓒ fill            ⓓ feel

2) ⓐ heal                ⓑ hill           ⓒ hear

3) ⓐ lip                 ⓑ leap           ⓒ rip           ⓓ reap

Ⅳ. ‘으’, ‘이’ 부착증이란 ?

목차로

※ 한국인이 영어 자음을 잘 모른 채로,  편의상 우리나라 말로 바꾸어           발음하다 보니까 생긴 ‘으’ 또는 ‘이’ 모음이 무성음인 자음에 첨가되는 잘못된 습성을 말한다.

1. ‘으’ 부착증

Ex. have      [hæv  햅]               Cf.[해브]

it        [it    잇]                 [잇트]

should   [ʃud  슏]                 [슈드]

could    [kud   쿧]                [쿠드]

might    [mait  마잇]           [마이트]

start     [stɑr:t 스딸]           [스타트]

2. ‘이’ 부착증

Ex. fish      [   fiʃ  피시 ]       Cf.  fishy  [피□시]

dish     [   diʃ  디시 ]           dishy  [디□시]

church   [ tʃə:rtʃ 처얼치 ]         churchy [처얼□치]

watch   [  wɔtʃ  워치 ]         watchy [워□치]

such     [  sʌtʃ   써치]          suchy  [써□치]

3. ‘w’를 첨가 하지 말자.

Ex. she     [ ʃi:, ʃi  싀]      Cf.    [ ʃwi:, ʃwi  쉬, 쉬이]

ship       [  ʃip     싑]             [  ʃwip    쉽 ]

sheep      [  ʃi:p   싀입]           [ ʃwi:p    쉬입]

Ⅴ. 연음, 약화, 축약, 동화, 생략

목차로

※ 영어의 발음은 축약, 생략, 연음되면서 복합적으로 이루어진다.

1) Linking(연음)이란?

앞 단어의 자음과 뒷 단어의 모음이 연결되어 한 음절처럼 발음되는 것.

Ex. 1. This year                                  [  díʃər 디셔 ]

□□□

The land is mine. God gave this land to me. [ lændís 랜디스 ]

□□□

2. Love was such an easy game to play.     [ lʌvwəsʌtʃən ]

□□□□ □□□

2) Weak forms (약화) and Tap sound (구르는 소리)

영국식과 미국식 발음의 차이를 알 수 있는 부분.  약화 또는 구르는 소리는 미국식 영어의 특징 :  언어의 경제성 원칙 때문.   1. t → ɾ /r/

① go to                                     [  góuɾu  고우루 ]

② out of,   sort of                          [  auɾə  아우러]   [쏘러]

③ invited,     United Nations               [인바이릿, 유나이릿 네이션스]

④ What am I supposed to do?               [ hwáɾəmai   와러마이 ]

⑤ I'm not as strong as you are.  [am-ná-ɾə-strɔɧ-ə-ʃúar 암나러스트롱 어슈어]

2. t → d

opportunity   ninety,  seventy                  [ apərtjú:nidi 아퍼튜니디]

3. tt → r (강세 바로 뒤의 tt는 구르는 소리 : Tap [Flap, Trill sound. )

① mátter, líttle, báttle, cáttle,

② reséttlement, spótted, spaghétti,              [  spəgéɾi  스뻐게리]

③ péttiness,  áttitude,  súbtle,  báttery.         [  æɾitju:d  애리튜웃]

4. ① where                                      [   wər    ]

Where (do) you want to meet me?        [월유워너미잇미]

② that                                         [  ðət,  ət  ]

③ him,        her,     them.                 [ əm; ər; ðm, əm ]

5. they're                                          [   ðər     ]

you're              [  jər   ]      we're    [   wər    ]

3) Contractions(축약)

1. * [ t + you]

Can't you be a little more specific?            [  kæntʃu  ]

* [ t + your, you're]                               [    tʃər    ]

Please put your signature here.                   [   pútʃər   ]

2.  * [ d + you]

Would you mind if I smoke here?               [   wudʒə  ]

* [ d + your]

I closely examined your reports.                [ igzæmindʒər]

I need your love.                                   [   ní:dʒər   ]

God speed your love.                             [  spí:ʤər 스삐져 ]

3. What do you → Wharyu,   Whatcha

What do you say to～?

What do you think?                             [ hwarjuθíɧk 화류띵]

What do you want from me?

4. you = ya

I'm worried about you.  = about ya                 [  əbáutʃa  어바우쳐 ]

5. How are you doing?    = Ha ya doin?              [하야두인]

4) Assimilation (동화)

1. n 다음의 th ⇒ n 으로 동화

① in the city,     in that                           [   in næt 인냇 ]

② in the room     in the winter                 [ in nə rú:m 인너룸]

③ down there      more than that               [  daun nɛər 다운네어]

④ during this demonstration

⑤ I got it straight  from the horse's mouth.          [  frʌm mə  프럼머]

⑥ Isn't that serious?                                 [  izn næt 이즌냇 ]

⑦ no visible sign that the war has  changed.

⑧ I can't believe I'm doing this.                   [  duin nis 두인니스 ]

2. s 다음의 th ⇒ s 로 동화

What is that?                                      [  hwarizæt 화리잿 ]

3. l 다음의  th ⇒ l 로 동화

those people there.                               [   pí:plɛə  피쁠레어 ]

5) Ellipsis (생략)란?

목차로

영어에서는 일부 발음하기 힘들거나 없어도 알아들을 수 있는 일부

자음을  발음하지 않는 경향이 있다.

* 생략하는 자음들 : t, d, s, st, ts, th,   f, g, h

1. t, d, s 생략

current President who seized power

has to      [ hæsə ]      mild sky     cf. mile sky

What does it mean?                       [  əs  화러스잇민]

* 연음으로 인한 생략

agreed to  [어그뤼 투]         want to   = wanna

□□□	□□□

55 miles south of Baghdad     Police say  [폴리쎄이]

□□□	□□□□

2. s 다음의 t 와 ts 생략후 연음

① just six     almost six                        [ dʒʌsiks ]

② must think

③ He gives the world

its saddest sound

its saddest sound                      [ itsædisaund 잇쌔리싸운]

□□□     □□□□

④ scientists say

□□□□□

⑤ He trusts me                               [   trʌsmi   ]

⑥ announced Sunday                          [ ənaunsʌndi ]

□□□□□

3.[ n + t + vowel ] 의 형태에서 t 생략

① wanted                  ② Count on me.

③ twenty                  ④ interview

⑤ international             ⑥ accountable

⑦ That's a weak point in your book.

4. th 생략

① t 다음에 :  look at them                    [  lukæɾəm 루깨럼]

② s 앞에 :    Smith say,     both sides.

5. f 생략

none of them,   kind of,   out of,  sort of             [ nʌnəðem 너너뎀 ]

He has a good sense of humor.  (slow reading)

He's a good sense of humor.

[hisə  gúd sensə  jú:mər]     (At a normal speed speaking)

(축약, 연음, 생략)

6. g 생략  :    doing,   [ duin ]         going to     [gonə], [gə]

7. 약화되어 생략된 h

① killing me softly with his song

telling my whole life with his words              [  wiðis ]

□□□□

② He could have caught the train if he had hurried.  [  kuɾəv ]

□□□□	□□□

③ You should have gone there.         [  ʃuɾəv  유슈럽곤네어]

would have been

could have been

might have been

Ⅵ. 음절 수 대로 발음하기

목차로

음절 수 대로 발음할 수 없으면 미국인처럼 빨리 읽을 수 없으며, 말하는 것도, 듣는 것도 느릴 수 밖에 없다.

1. Might makes right.                  ( 3음절 : 3번 )

He could have caught the train.     ( 6 음절 : 6 번호흡)

kill-ing me soft-ly wi-th his song  ( 8 음절 : 킬링미 솦리 위디쏭 )

Might as well make camp.

re□cent□ly [뤼슨리]       Late□ly [레잇리]

2.자음 앞의 t와 d 는 받침처럼 발음하자.

* Reading Rainbow is made possible by grants from the

Carnegie Corporation of New York.

* Notebook

3.이중모음(Vowel glide )을 발음 하는 방법.

* by Austin Republican Women encouraging all children to read                so they might succeed.

cf. them I

※ 청해의 과정은 :

① sound perception      ② information process

③ information processing speed 로 이루어진다.

정보처리 속도에서 뒤진다면 100 % 청해가 될 수 없다. 자주 들으면 많은 용량의 ‘청각 이미지’를 long-term memory에 저장할 수 있어 듣기 연습이 절실히 필요하다 하겠다.

Ⅶ. 강세․ 끊어읽기

1. Stress (강세)

목차로

1) The functions of stress:

①In the first place, it can be used simply to give special            emphasis to a word or to contrast one word with another.

ǀJohn or ǀMary should ǀgo.

②Another major function of stress in English is to indicate  the syntactic relationships (統語的 關係) between words or parts of words.

There are many noun-verb oppositions, such as “an ǀinsult,  to inǀsult ; an ǀoverflow, to overǀflow ; an ǀincrease, to inǀcrease.”

Between a compound noun: a ǀhot dog (a form of food) and an      adjective followed by a noun: a ǀhot ǀdog (an overheated animal)

Compounds from two word phrases : a ǀwalkout, to ǀwalk ǀout;  a ǀput on, to ǀput ǀon;  a ǀpush over, to ǀpush ǀover.

* séventy  : seventéen        * nínety   : nineteén

* exǀplain  : ̷explaǀnation      * exǀploit   : ̷exploiǀtation

* cóllege  : collégian

* Italy    : Itálian

English is a rhythmical language

just like go go as in èxplanátion or èxploitátion.

3. Breath group (끊어 읽기)

목차로

긴 문장을 숨쉬지 않고 읽기란 힘이 든다. 적당한 곳에서 끊어         읽는다면 읽고 말하는데 힘이 덜 들 뿐 아니라 의미 전달도 잘 될 수  있다.

※ 끊어 읽는 곳

① .(period)에서는 반드시 심호흡을 한다.

② ,(comma)에서는 숨을 쉬어라.  ③ ;(semi-colon)에서 끊어 읽어라.

④주어다음, 즉 동사 앞에서 끊어 읽어라.

⑤접속사 앞에서 끊어 읽어라.

⑥부사구, 형용사절 (관계사절) 등의 앞에서, 즉 내용단락 별로 끊어 읽어라.

4. 끊어읽기의 실제. ( Reading Aloud )

A. We are so used to seeing cars on our streets and our roads↑/  that it is strange to think / that only a century has passed since  the birth of the man / who invented the automobile.

B. The science of anthropology / is divided into two / broad / fields.   One is concerned with the physical form of man↑, the other / with his learned behaviour.   They are called respectively↑ physical / and  cultural anthropology.  Physical anthropology is, in essence, / human biology.

C.  Most people think that the older you get, the harder it is to      learn a new language.  That is, they believe that children learn more easily  and more efficiently than adults.  Thus,  at some point in our lives,  maybe around age 12 or 13, we lose the ability to learn languages well.   Is this idea fact or myth?  A survey shows that this may not be true.

Ⅷ. 사전식  발음과  실제발음의  차이

목차로

1) ʃ  → tʃ  : comprehension,  convention,  mention, [멘쳔]

attention,  invention,  prevention, 프리벤쳔]

ancient,   potential,  essential. [이센쳘]

2) tʃ → ʃ   : actually,  [액셜리]

3) ʒ  → ʃ   : casual,  unusual,  Asia,  leisure,  measure,

treasure, pleasure.

z → s    : easily[i:səli]

4) 단어끝의 z  → s   : is,  his,  pens,  Tom's.

5) 강세없는 i  → ə   : befóre [ bəfɔ:r ],  eléven [əlevn]

belong, belongings

6) t  → ʔ  : exactly[이그잭(끌)리],  curtain,  bitten,  cotton, [캇든]

mountain,  fountain, important [임폴언].

[ʔn]은 화장실에서 힘줄 때 [응]하듯이 [은]을 발음한다.

7) ju → u:  : news,  tulip,  super.   [누스, 투울립, 쑤뻐얼]

8) ə  → e   : ordinary,  dictionary[딕션에뤼]

9) ts → t+s : its,  gets.

10) 경음화 :  h(+Aspirated)   〫(-Aspirated)

□□ st〫yle,  sk〫y  sp〫y  peop〫le  app〫le  sch〫ool   [스따열] [피쁠]

□□ thime   khind  phine  pheel  phlay

VIIII.   경음화

목차로

p, t, k [stop or plosive] 가 단어 앞에 위치 할 때와 단어 중간에 위치할 때, 딘어 끝에 위치할 때 각각 발음은 어떻게 나는가?

단어앞 (+aspirated)		단어중간 (-aspirated)		단어끝 (+aspirated)
ph	pill [필] pine [파인]	p〫	spill, [스삘] spine, [스빠인] people [피쁠]	ph	cup map tap tip top
th	time [타임] tired team	t〫	style [스따열] start steam	th	start student restaurant
kh	kill [킬] kin kind cool queen	k〫	skill [스낄] skin sky school [스꾸울] squirrel [스뀌럴]	kh	like speak

Ex) I like to do something important.

( 〫   =  입 밖으로 공기의 흐름이 없다는 의미로  0 (naught)을 표시함.)

( 윗첨자 h는 입밖으로 공기의 흐름이 있다는 표시임.)

English  Hearing

목차로

Classroom Considerations :

I. 듣기를 가르칠 때 교사의 역할

1)전통적 방법인 teacher-centered education 에서 learner-centered education으로 전환해야 한다.       Teacher should be a facilitator.

2) 많은 상황 제시-- 공항, 은행, 쇼핑...

3) Formal spoken English (연설...) 과 Informal spoken English (가족과의 대화)를 접하게 해야한다.

4) 정상속도로 들려준다.

5) ‘그냥 들어라’ 하지 말고 ‘왜’, ‘무엇을’, 들을 것인지 얘기해주고  듣게 하는  Task-based listening을 해야한다.

6) 적은 양의 쉬운 자료를 선택한다.        Success breeds success.

자신감을 갖도록 즉시 feed back 을 주자.

7) Detail 보다는 Main idea 에 중점을 두자.

Ex. 시간, 장소, 분위기, 두 사람과의 관계, 전체 흐름을 파악할 수 있는 문제.

8) 청해 자체로서보다는 영어의 통합과정의 일부로 가르쳐야 한다.

9) 청해 장비 점검 : 미리 들어보고 내용과 테이프 상태 등을 확인해 둔다.

또한 난이도를 알아보는 것도 중요하다.

10) Listening Comprehension Checkup : Multiple choice로 하는 것이 좋다.

11) 수업중 생각할 시간을 주자.     답변할 수 있도록 유도.

12) Pair, group study [ activity] 장려

참고서적 : A Course in Phonetics  (Peter Ladefoged),

AFKN 영어청취,        김철호 영어강좌

작성자 : 순천매산고등학교    김운이